https://www.bhaktvatsal.com/upanishadsThe Upanishads are ancient Indian texts that form the philosophical and spiritual core of Hinduism. Composed between 800 and 400 BCE, these scriptures explore profound concepts such as the nature of reality, the self (Atman), and the ultimate reality (Brahman). They are part of the Vedas, the oldest sacred literature in Hindu tradition, but are distinguished by their focus on metaphysical ideas rather than ritualistic practices.