The majority of countries, including the United States, define pornography as the fact that the material is obscene. In the United States Supreme Court case Miller v. California, a test is given to define obscenity as a work that has sexually oriented materials that appeal to a prurient interest, which has patently offensive manner, and lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. A lot of debate has been focused on explaining how to define “contemporary community standards,” which are subjective and can be altered with time, resulting in inconsistent enforcement and court challenges. Laws pertaining to pornography vary greatly between countries and areas, which is a reflection of the various views on sexual material held by legal, religious, and cultural systems. The majority of these laws attempt to uphold control over the creation, dissemination, sale, and ownership of pornographic content with the intention of protecting both individual rights—especially those of minors—and public morals from exploitation. Thoughts on censorship, freedom of speech, and individual rights from the right of consenting adults are frequently spurred by the complicated and contentious application and enforcement of these laws.
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